Steriodogenesis has a common pathway but hormonal steriods are Essay

Steriodogenesis has a common pathway but hormonal steriods are secreted in a strongly cell specific manner. Discuss - Essay Example Steroidogenesis takes place in endocrine glands like the adrenal and gonads.P450side chain linked cleaving enzyme get involved in the interconversion of cholesterol to Carbon18, Carbon19, and Carbon21 and this is the committed step of Steroidogenesis (John 1994, p.33). HMG-CoA or the mevalonate pathway generates isopenteyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate which serve as precursors for steroidal hormones biosynthesis. Isopenteyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate become joined forming geranyl pyrophosphate that becomes lanosterol (Mary 2011, p.55). Lanosterol undergoes Steriodogenesis transformation to form other steroids. All steroid hormones in humans follow this pathway, but not all steroids are hormones (John 1994, p.77). Steroid hormones are crucial for proper functioning of the body. They get synthesized from cholesterol which is also a component of the cell membrane thus the hormone is able to enter the cell and bind to its receptor. Steroid hormones get classified as androgens, estrogens, progestins, mineral corticoids and glucocorticoids. Both estrogens and androgens get generated by the gonads and affect sexual development. Progestrins mediate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Excretion of water and salts by the kidney get regulated by mineral corticoids while lipid carbohydrate and protein metabolism become affected by glucocorticoids. Steroid hormones become synthesized when they are need. The brain releases a signal when the body wants a certain protein synthesized or needs a certain process done (John 1994, p.78). These signals get transmitted via the intermediary hormones in other words through trophic hormones. Once released, they act on the central nervous system and the peripheral target tissues (Richardb2010, p.67). One can regulate the amount of steroid hormone secretion by regulating the amount of cholesterol produced because cholesterol is the precursor for these hormones. The adrenal cortex has three main tissue re gions: the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate, and zona reticular is. These zones are histological and enzymatically distinct and the exact steroid hormone secreted depends on the enzymes present (Reginald 2010, p.34). Adenocorticotropin (ACTH) hormone regulates hormones produced at the zona reticularis and zona fasciculata (Donald 2010, p.56). The hypothalamus releases ACTH in to the blood stream then it become carried to the adrenal glands where it binds to ACTH receptors on the cell membrane activating adenylate cyclase with production of cAMP (second messenger).This leads to ultimate secretion of cortisol. When the body needs to accumulate more sodium, angiotensinogen get released from the liver and it become to angiotensin( i) and later angiotensin (ii) that bind to the cell membrane receptors which get coupled to the phospholipase c of the zona glomerulosa (John 1994, p.32).This leads to secretion of aldosterone; a mineral corticoid. Aldosterone leads to sodium retention by fa cilitating gene expression of messenger RNA for sodium-potassium ATPase which is responsible for reaccumulation of sodium and potassium. Gonadol steroid hormones become secreted by the testis and ovaries. The important hormones in this category are the estradiol and testosterone. Luteinizing hormone stimulates testosterone production in men by binding to Leydig cells. Androgen binding protein transports testosterone sertoli cells which convert it to

Chapter discussions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Chapter discussions - Essay Example The individuals with lower levels of education earn much less as compared to the learned individuals with at least one degree. The other factor is ones racial background that has led to minority races in the US to earn much less despite having the same qualifications as those of the majority White race. The government can use public policy to promote equality of all races in employment and lower the costs of education for everybody. Discrimination at work is unethical because it denies qualified individuals an opportunity to work effectively thereby contributing to the economic problem of poverty. Discrimination is an illegal act in the US and those practicing it risk facing legal sanctions. Discrimination in the workplace can be reduced through management diversity in the organization and incorporating policies that seek to employ people of all ages, disabilities and races based on their

Strategic Management Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategic Management Master - Case Study Example The history of Toyota is indeed remarkable in that it has ventured into manufacturing of small cars in a big way. It has introduced new car making technology by mass producing hybrid gas electric vehicles with a capacity of 1 million globally. During the year 2005, Toyota has produced 8.5 Million vehicles and has a large market share. Toyota now claims to be the 8th largest car manufacturing company in the world. However one of the fact remains that it has not been able to make much inroads in the European markets. The success story of Toyota lies in its use of scientific systems and procedures for car making .Through the use of Kaisen, which entails efficiency and optimum work effort, and is basically designed for improving efficiency. Lean management which is based on developing managers who are problem solvers is based on serving customers and heightened level of performance attainment. Lean Management is a total holistic concept which is designed to attain efficiencies in all spheres of car making through the use of waste elimination. The basic theme of Toyota Production System (TPS) is to achieve operational excellence and instil an organisational culture that values and respects people and nurture and develop their creative abilities. The stage is set for small cars, to come in a big way, in the international arena, fuelled by mounting fuel costs and strong pollution laws. It is widely believed that in the next 5 years, the global demand for small cars would grow by nearly 30%, averaging nearly 18 Million (Schifferes 2007). The major players who manufacture and sell small cars are Indian brands like Tata, Maruthi, Renault, Fiat, Peugot, Daewoo (GM), Hyundai and Daihatsu. The fact remains that the almost prohibitive costs of fossil fuels and stringent pollution norms have become a severe deterrent for automakers. It has therefore become essential to seek ways and means for finding out cheaper and clean, fuel efficient alternatives. Toyota could rightly claim to have established brand leadership in hybrid cars and has surged ahead of even Ford and General Motors (GM). However, the spread of alternative technology involves large investments and technological barriers. However, the full scale development and product implementation of advanced fuel alternatives is an expensive and time-consuming matter and may take around a decade for its final development. "But in the long run, no major car company doubts that ethanol, diesel, electric, hybrid and even hydrogen-powered vehicles will become more important in the future." (Schifferes 2007). The present day automotive industry is going through a total and thorough change in its production methods. It has now become necessary for scientific techniques, principally based on lean management, aimed at reducing the costs of making small cars, and also making it easier for automakers to shift their production patterns to match customer preferences and tastes over a period of time. This is also one of the principle reasons why Toyota has overtaken GM as the most powerful automaker in the higher efficient production system (Globalization). During the middle of the 20th Century, the American automaker GM dominated the US car markets with 100 % share. But now, at the beginning of the 21st century, its market share has come down to 52% with Japanese and European carmakers at 43% and 5% respectively.

14 Years Old and Pregnant Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

14 Years Old and Pregnant - Article Example I know I’m young blah blah blah. Don’t criticize me!! I’m old enough to know I can take care of a baby, I’ve been a babysitter for three years. And how long should I wait to take a pregnancy test Please Help!!!! –Worried Two years later and the worried young girl chose to go through pregnancy and childbirth and is now the mother of a healthy baby boy. She’s just about to turn 17, a time when most girls are worried about graduation pictures and college campus tours. How have many other teenage girls through this life-changing event of having children at such a young age? The Guttmacher Institute in New York, NY reports that in 2001 alone there were more than 782,000 pregnancies among 15-19-year-olds in the United States. Girls age 14 and younger accounted for an additional 18,280 pregnancies. Maryland ranks 13th among all fifty states, indicating there is much work to be done to reduce the teen pregnancy rates in Maryland. The consequences of a teen choosing to keep her baby are far-ranging for both the girl and her child. Teen girls are highly likely to be unmarried when they give birth, and they experience great difficulties securing stable relationships in future years, according to Mary Bissell of the Sex Information and Education Council of Canada. Teen mothers also tend to remain disadvantaged financially, which affects the child’s health and well-being from birth to adulthood, Bissell adds. Several studies have shown that teen mothers are more likely to live in poverty and to lack health benefits than their same-age counterparts who are not mothers. The consequences of not finishing high school or not attending college affect the girl and her baby, too; the teen mother can expect lower wages throughout her life, and her child has a reduced chance of obtaining an advanced education, states Bissell.

Proving Establish Liability For Each Offence Essay Example for Free

Proving Establish Liability For Each Offence Essay Archie is employed to protect the pheasants on Lord Melchetts estate from poachers. On day, from a distance he sees Liam and Craig on the estate and, knowing them to be poachers, he decides to rid himself of the problem for all time and fires his shotgun at them. Both Liam and Craig are only wounded, however, but do need to be taken to hospital for treatment. On the way to the hospital, the brakes on the ambulance fail, it leaves the road and overturns on a bend and Liam dies in the accident. With reference to the case situation above, discuss, using decided cases to support you arguments: a) The offences, if any, with which Archie could be charged and what the prosecution would need to prove to establish liability for each offence; (20) b) And whether you think Archie would be convicted of any offence. (5) a. In relation to the death of Liam, there is the possibility that Archie would be charged under homicide. Archie carried out the apt actus reus of homicide, whereby he has committed an unlawful killing in the Queens peace in the county of the realm and death occurs within 1 year and 1 day. Although Liam died only in the accident, the main cause for his death was Archie shooting at him. As such, Archie has provided for the cause in fact, according to the but-for test, where if but-for Archie, Liam would not have died. Contrary to R v. White, where the defendants mother died not from his poisoned drink but from a heart attack, Archie caused Liams death. Furthermore, Archie also undertakes the cause in law, as Liams wound is both substantive and operative. This is because it was Archies action that caused the injury (substantive) and this injury was still present at the time of Liams death (operative), as in R v. Malcherek Steel, where it was held that original injuries were still an operative cause of victims death. However, it may be argued that a Novus Actus Intervenis, an intervening event, caused Liams death and that Archie is not the main cause. This is only partially true, as the ambulances break failure was the last event of the chain of causation and causing Liams death. Yet, Archie can still be held liable if it can be established that there was a break in the chain of causation, however, there is none. Thus, the ambulance accident was merely a negligent contribution, as in R v. Benge, and Archies act is the cause of Liams death. According to the mens rea of murder, proof of intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm must be shown, as established in R v. Moloney, holding that intention may be inferred from the defendants foresight of consequences. Here, the charge will depend on Archies intention, which might be deduced from the words that he muttered: rid himself of the problem for all time. As such, Archie knew the consequences of his actions, and had an intention to carry it out. Yet if this is the case, it must also be considered why Archie didnt actually carry out his apparent intention, to rid himself of the problem for all time, as he did not actually get rid of (ie. kill) them. However, if this is not the case, it can be said that Archies intention can be found if he foresaw death or GBH as a virtually certain consequence, as in R v. Woollin. It is also not known where and the number of times Archie shot at Liam and Craig, as this would confer an indication of any considerable intention. If Archies shooting was limited, perhaps one or two in the leg, then it can be said he had no intention to kill, but just an intention to frighten. If he only had an intention to frighten, then his act is already an unlawful act in itself, as it is dangerous and is foreseeable to cause harm. This is true with Archie, and he also had the intention to commit the unlawful act, as in R v. Lamb, where the defendant did not have the mens rea to kill, but only to shoot the gun. Archies act was also dangerous, likewise in R v. Church where it was held that dangerous would mean a reasonable man realizing the risk of creating some harm. In DPP v. Newbury Jones, it is said that if the accused intentionally commits a dangerous and unlawful act, causing harm or incidentally, the death, of another, he is then guilty of constructive murder. Therefore, in relation to Liams death, Archie can be liable for constructive manslaughter. In relation to the injuries sustained by Craig, there is the possibility that Archie will be charged under Section 20 of the Offences Against Persons Act 1861. The actus reus required here is merely wounding, as defined in JJC v. Eisenhower as breaking of the skin(skin here meaning any surface of the human body) or inflicting grievous bodily harm. The mens rea necessary includes a malicious intention and a foresight of physical harm. This foresight must involve the possibility of some physical harm to a person, as in R v. Mowatt. Archie, thus fulfills both the actus reus and mens rea for S20 of the OAPA. However, Archie may also be charged under Section 47 and Section 42. Under S47, Craig has to be seen to have sustained actual bodily harm, defined in R v. Miller as any harm calculated to interfere with persons health and comfort. Under S42, Archie has to be seen to put another person in fear of immediate personal violence and has touched another without their consent. If this can be established, Archie would be liable for Section 20 (Offence involving wounding/GBH), Section 47 (Common assault, battery GBH) and Section 42 (Assault battery) of the Offences Against Persons Act 1861. b. In the case of Liams death, Archie would be charged for murder. However, this is rather difficult to prove, as the mens rea required for murder involves proof of intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm as established in R v. Moloney. Thus, he would not be convicted of murder, but rather involuntary manslaughter, with constructive liability. As for Craigs injuries, Archie would be charged under Section 20 of the OAPA. Further charges might include Sections 47 and 42. The conviction under Section 20 is undeniable, but for Section 47 and 42, it is only highly plausible.

Broken Windows Theory Essay Example for Free

Broken Windows Theory Essay The â€Å"broken windows† theory as explained in the article; which holds that physical detoriation and an increase in unrepaired buildings leads to increased concerns for personal safety of residents and a rise in the crime rates, is an applicable theory for the conditions in the inner cities. I believe it also can apply to the current conditions in some suburban areas that are degrading, such as the local town of Norristown where I grew up. Norristown up until the 1960’s and the rise in drug use, was peaceful little mini-city in the suburbs of Philadelphia. Growing up in Norristown, my father would tell me stories of neighbors taking care of neighbors during tough economic times, and even fearing getting in trouble because everyone in the neighborhood would hit him before he got home to his father. The area hangouts were always clean and peaceful, and the houses were up kept. There still was crime, but it wasn’t always violent or prevalent. That all changed in his estimation by the late 1960’s. The drug culture entered into the area, and houses started to become run-down due to numerous squatters living 10-15 at the time in them. Area hangouts became dangerous, and he said they would have to literally fight other groups to be allowed to use the basketball courts. Violent crimes with weapons rose, and so did murder. During the 1970’s and the 1980’s, older residents began moving out in droves despite the Council’s attempts to institute tougher crime-fighting tactics. By the turn of the 2000’s, many neighborhoods looked rundown and were dangerous. I was born in Norristown in 1986 and lived there until my parents were able to move out in 1998. Drugs were rampant, crime was bad, and my mother never let me leave the house without someone older and trustworthy escorting me. If you took the time walking down in the neighborhoods, which we did a lot to get to school, you noticed many of the things mentioned in the â€Å"broken windows† theory breakdown. Many houses had broken windows, graffiti, and were the hangouts for drug users. Squatters were as prevalent as they were in the late 1960’s, with anywhere between 10-20 adults of all kinds of races living in the houses and dealing drugs. The police couldn’t do anything without getting shot. A lot of officers were harmed, and the drug operations to try and stop the flow of drugs from Philadelphia and Camden, NJ were hardly successful. I personally saw two of my cousins fall trapped to both sides of this dichotomy, one became a narcotics officer who was forced into retirement due to being shot in the back by a drug dealer, and another cousin is spending the next 25 years in prison for drug trafficking and the sale of cocaine. Gangs and drug dealers began coming from Philadelphia to establish â€Å"satellite† branches of their operations. People began putting bars on their window s due to the break-ins, community events kept getting cancelled, and the sound of gunshots became normal. By late 2004, the Council in Norristown decided to take action. Rundown houses were boarded up and condemned. Cops were brought in from outside jurisdictions to train the Norristown police on how to run better undercover drug sting operations. Crime was reduced, but murders were still high. The Council also sought out one thing they didn’t before, outside investment by companies to revitalize sections of the town. With these steps, Norristown has begun to improve, and so has the feelings of safety for the local populace. However, Norristown has decades of decay to combat, which will take time. If only they had looked at the â€Å"broken windows† theory they could have fixed this years ago.

Doubt Is The Key To Knowledge Discuss.

Doubt Is The Key To Knowledge Discuss. People created proverbs and used to apply them when experiences similar to the one which resulted in the construction of the proverb reoccurred. The Persians had one of the most famous proverbs that are still used in our time; they used to say doubt is the key to knowledge, but to what extent is this phrase true? Through the areas and ways of knowledge, this proverb will be further studied to determine to which extent it is true. In this essay, I will be using the natural sciences and religion as areas of knowledge and linking them to the ways of knowledge; perception and reason or logic. Doubt is one of the earliest ways the human beings started gaining knowledge from the world around them. It is known that doubt is when a person starts questioning a subject that confused him or has been on his mind for a time. It is then that this person starts asking questions in order to gain further knowledge about the subject he wishes to acquire. We can generally say that doubt is the origin of obtaining knowledge as human beings started questioning the world and everything in it; they were able to get the answers they wanted and increased their knowledge. The world famous French philosopher, writer, physicist and mathematician Renà © Descartes believed that doubt could never be the key to knowledge and information from the world. He was considered one of the first thinkers ever to introduce philosophy to natural sciences. Descartes believed that one can gain truth without doubt; he introduced his method called methodological skepticism in which he rejects any ideas that can b e doubted, then reestablishes them so that he can get genuine knowledge from these ideas. One of Descartes books is one called Meditations on First Philosophy. The book has six meditations in it in which Descartes banishes any belief that contains, even if in small quantities, any kind of uncertainty, but then reestablishes the things that are known for sure. Each one of the six meditations were written as if in one day Descartes speculated and came up with the meditation; so the book was authored as if he meditated for six days and developed his meditations. Three of Descartes meditations are discussed. His first meditation is called Meditation I: Concerning Those Things That Can Be Called into Doubt. In this meditation, Descartes remembers that he was once deceived by his senses and since that happened before, it can happen again. So he tells himself, if I am being deceived, then my beliefs are treacherous and uncertain. The second meditation called Meditation II: Concerning the Nature of the Human Mind: That It Is Better Known Than the Body is an acknowledgment to the first meditation. Descartes believed that since he is a thinking thing, then he must exist. Since he is a thing that can deceived and have thoughts and beliefs, he must exist. His third meditation Meditation III: Concerning God, That He Exists argues that God is present and he rejects the idea of God being invented. He proposed three types of ideas; Innate, Factitious and Adventitious. The innate ideas are the ones that are and always have been with us, whereas factitious ideas are from our imagination and lastly the adventitious ones come from our experiences from the world. Descartes believed that God is an innate idea and that he is not improvised. That was Descartes beliefs when it comes to doubt, as he does not believe that doubt is the key knowledge. Let us discuss the natural sciences at first. Ever since the break of dawn, the human being has been trying to know the truth about his origins and the world around him; have we truly evolved from apes or were we simply created by God? These questions have always been present in the humans mind and this is the reason behind his doubt concerning this topic. This issue has raised many conflicts among people, but most importantly, created the Darwin theory of evolution. Darwin believed that all living organisms evolved from much simpler single-celled organisms. His doubt in the belief that God created us from nothing made him seek after the answers he wanted to get. He did not believe in what he was told and sought after the truth after questioning this topic, evidently coming up with his widely accepted theory from different people all over the world. One too many facts from the sciences such as physics and biology were found based on doubt. Take the Arabic Muslim optical scientist, Ibn Al-Haitham. The people who lived in his era thought that the eye itself emitted light rays and causing our sight. Ibn Al-Haitham, on the other hand, did not believe in what these people used to say and doubted this fact, and so he started his own experiments to prove them wrong, and he was able to show that light was reflected off surfaces and became incident on the eye resulting in our sight. People use the logic they have to reason with the things that go around them. And through the logic, they are able to realize that some things do not add up; and this leads them to questioning and trying to find answers if they are unsatisfied with the results in front of them. Through their journey of seeking the answers, these people can find them only by observing or experimenting and then find logical answers. Human beings find answers when in doubt by experimenting and when the results show up they use reason and logic to interpret them, leading them to knowledge based on doubt. However, a different area of knowledge that can be studied to show to what extent the doubt is the key to knowledge statement is true is religion. Let us take the religion for instance. Not all the people of the world believe in religion, but why is that? Why have the non-believers become what they are now? This is all because we, as human beings, doubt the things around us. We are curious beings and want to know more of everything. As time progresses, people doubt what had been told to them by God. Some do not believe that he created Adam and Eve and rather wanted to accept the evolution theories as true such as Darwins. Others do not believe that there is a judgment day, and therefore wish to explain what is happening to our world nowadays from a scientific point of view. As for religion itself, talking about Christianity for example, doubt is not an option. You either believe in God or you do not. It is said in the Holy Bible that Blessed are those who did not see and believe. Through this, it is like God is telling us that there is no need for doubt, and that we only have to follow what our hearts tell us and how our soul guides into believing that there is a God even though we cannot see him. Religion is telling us that doubt has no place in Gods will and he is our source of knowledge on him not doubt. He is the one who will explain everything to believers and guide them through their lives and provide them with answers when they need them; therefore he is a persons supply of knowledge and that person should gain it without having to doubt what God says. All in all, the statement doubt is the key to knowledge is true to an extent as proven earlier by the areas and ways of knowledge. But it is to a certain extent true, not fully true because other areas of knowledge such as the ethics contradict what the Persian proverb says. Doubt can reveal the response of unanswered questions, but on other times, it can blind us from seeing the truth. 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